Amendments to The Constitution-Important
The first Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution was made in the year 1951
According to it, Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 376 were amended and Articles 31A and 3IB inserted and Ninth Schedule was added.
The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution. After this amendment, the President is bound to assent to Constitution Amendment Bill. Education was transferred to the Concurrent List by this amendment.
The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975: By this Act, Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on August 7 and received Presidential assent on August 9,1975. The Act places beyond challenge in courts the election to Parliament of a person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and the election of President and Vice-President.
The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985: The Act has made defection to another party, after elections illegal. Any member defecting to another party after elections will be disqualified from being member of Parliament or State Legislature.
The Constitution (53rd Amendment) Act, 1986: It confers Statehood on Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary interference by the Central Government with the laws relating to spheres of social relationship and community conduct applicable to Mizoram.
The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1987: It grants Statehood to Arunachal Pradesh which consequently became the 24th State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987: It confers Statehood on Goa and forms a new Union Territory of Daman and Diu. Goa thus became the 25th State of the Indian Republic.
The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987: It made a special provision for the setting up of the new State of Goa. Consequently Daman and Diu were separated from the former to form a Union Territory.
The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988: It empowered the Central Government to impose Emergency in Punjab when deemed necessary. Under the amendment, President’s rule can be extended upto three years. Earlier maximum period was two years.
The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989: It provided for the extension by another 10 years of reservation of seats in the Parliament and State Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and reservation for Anglo Indian community by nomination.
The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990: It extended the President’s rule in Punjab by six months.
The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990: To bring land reforms within the purview of 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991: Delhi made National Capital Region. The Act also made provision for Legislative assembly and a council of ministers for Delhi.
The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992: Before this act was made Article 54 relating to the election of the President provided for an electoral college consisting only of the elected members of Parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of the States (not of Union Territories). The amendment provide for inclusion of members of legislature of Pondicherry and Delhi.
The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992: The act amends the 8th Schedule to the Constitution to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali Languages in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992: To make temporary provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the State assembly of Tripura, until the re-adjustment of seats is made on the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under article 170 of the Constitution.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure direct election to all seats in Panchayats; to reserve seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population; and for reservation of not less than one third of the seats in Panchayats for women.
The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made to ensure direct election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and Municipalities.
The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994: It relates to the Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and of appointments or posts in the Services under a State, for Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Supreme Court had ruled on November 16, 1992, that the total reservations under Article 16(40) of the Constitution should not exceed 50 per cent.
The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995: According to this Act, the Government have decided to continue the existing policy of reservation in promotion for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (78th Amendment) Act, 1995: It includes land reform laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they cannot be challenged before the courts.
The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999: It extends the reservation of seats for SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies for next 10 years.
The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that the unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST kept for being filled up in a year as per Article 16, shall be considered separately for filling vacancies in the succeeding year and the previous list will not be considered for filling the 50% quota of the respective year.
The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that nothing in the Article 355 shall prevent the State from making any provisions in favour of the members of SC/ST for relaxation in qualifying marks with respect to examination/job/promotion.
The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000: The Act amended Article 243 M to provide that no reservation in Panchayats be made in favour of SC/ST in Arunachal Pradesh where the whole population is tribal.
The Emergency Amendments i.e. 42,43,44
The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976: It was enacted during the period of internal emergency. It was passed by Parliament on November 11, 1976 and received Presidential assent on December 18, 1976.
The Amendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of Parliament over the other wings of Government; gave the Directive Principles precedence over the Fundamental Rights; enumerated for the first time a set of ten Fundamental Duties. It further imposed limits on the power and jurisdiction of the judiciary; raised the term of the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha from five to six years; authorised the use of Central armed forces in any State to deal with law and order problems, made the President bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers and envisaged the establishment of administrative tribunals for service matters of Government employees and also other tribunals for economic offences. The Act also clearly laid down that no Constitutional Amendment could be questioned in any court of law.
The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978: It received the Presidential assent on April 13, 1978. This Act repeals the obnoxious provisions of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during the Emergency. It restores civil liberties by deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade union activity under the guise of legislation for the prevention of anti-national activities. The new law, which was ratified by more than half of the States in accordance with the Constitution, also restores legislative powers to the States to make appropriate provision for anti-national activities consistent with the Fundamental Rights. Under the Act, the judiciary has also been restored to its rightful place. The Supreme Court will now have power to invalidate State laws, a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act. The High Courts will also be able to go into the question of constitutional validity of Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to obtain speedy justice without having to come to the Supreme Court.
The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978: The Constitution (45 th Amendment) Bill, re-numbered as the 44th Amendment came into force on April 30, 1979, when the President gave his assent. The Act removes major distortions in the Constitution introduced during the Emergency. The duration of the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies has been reduced from six to five years—the normal term which was extended during the Emergency under the 42nd Amendment to achieve some political purposes. The Right to Property ceases to be a Fundamental Right and becomes only a legal right according to the Constitution 44th Amendment. The Act also extends, for the first time since independence, constitutional protection for publication of the proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures, except in cases where it is proved to be “malicious”. Another important feature of the Act is that any proclamation of Emergency need henceforward, be issued by the President only after receiving the advice of the Cabinet as a whole in writing. The President will not be called upon to act on the basis of advice by the Prime Minister on his own without consulting his Cabinet. Other safeguards provide that the proclamation will have to be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the members of both Houses of Parliament within a month. The 44th Amendment provides safeguards against future subversion of the Constitution for establishing an authoritarian regime. It contains provisions which are designed to make it impossible to impose the kind of emergency the country had experienced for 19 months.
Important amendments to the Indian Constitution
10-11-2012
Following is the list of all the important amendments to the Indian Constitution(Important for AILET 2013)
The first Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution was made in the year 1951
According to it, Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 376 were amended and Articles 31A and 3IB inserted and Ninth Schedule was added.
The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution. After this amendment, the President is bound to assent to Constitution Amendment Bill. Education was transferred to the Concurrent List by this amendment.
The Constitution (31st Amendment) Act, 1973: increased the elective strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545. Under the Act, the upper limit of representatives of the States goes up from 500 to 525 and that of the Union Territories decreases from 25 to 20.
The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975: By this Act, Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (37th Amendment) Act, 1975: was passed by Parliament on April 26, 1975, to provide for a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers to Arunachal Pradesh, the country’s north-easternmost Union Territory.
The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on August 7 and received Presidential assent on August 9,1975. The Act places beyond challenge in courts the election to Parliament of a person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and the election of President and Vice-President.
The Constitution (40th Amendment) Act, 1976: This Amendment has a three-fold objective: (1) It places beyond challenge in courts some major Central laws; (2) It gives similar protection to several State enactments, mostly relating to land legislation, by including them in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution; and (3) It provides that the limits of the territorial waters, the Continental Shelf, the Exclusive Economic Zone and the maritime zones of India shall be specified from time to time by law made by Parliament.
The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976: It was enacted during the period of internal emergency. It was passed by Parliament on November 11, 1976 and received Presidential assent on December 18, 1976.
The Amendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of Parliament over the other wings of Government; gave the Directive Principles precedence over the Fundamental Rights; enumerated for the first time a set of ten Fundamental Duties. It further imposed limits on the power and jurisdiction of the judiciary; raised the term of the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha from five to six years; authorised the use of Central armed forces in any State to deal with law and order problems, made the President bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers and envisaged the establishment of administrative tribunals for service matters of Government employees and also other tribunals for economic offences. The Act also clearly laid down that no Constitutional Amendment could be questioned in any court of law.
The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978: It received the Presidential assent on April 13, 1978. This Act repeals the obnoxious provisions of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during the Emergency. It restores civil liberties by deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade union activity under the guise of legislation for the prevention of anti-national activities. The new law, which was ratified by more than half of the States in accordance with the Constitution, also restores legislative powers to the States to make appropriate provision for anti-national activities consistent with the Fundamental Rights. Under the Act, the judiciary has also been restored to its rightful place. The Supreme Court will now have power to invalidate State laws, a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act. The High Courts will also be able to go into the question of constitutional validity of Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to obtain speedy justice without having to come to the Supreme Court.
The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978: The Constitution (45 th Amendment) Bill, re-numbered as the 44th Amendment came into force on April 30, 1979, when the President gave his assent. The Act removes major distortions in the Constitution introduced during the Emergency. The duration of the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies has been reduced from six to five years—the normal term which was extended during the Emergencyunder the 42nd Amendment to achieve some political purposes. The Right to Property ceases to be a Fundamental Right and becomes only a legal right according to the Constitution 44th Amendment. The Act also extends, for the first time since independence, constitutional protection for publication of the proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures, except in cases where it is proved to be “malicious”. Another important feature of the Act is that any proclamation of Emergency need henceforward, be issued by the President only after receiving the advice of the Cabinet as a whole in writing. The President will not be called upon to act on the basis of advice by the Prime Minister on his own without consulting his Cabinet. Other safeguards provide that the proclamation will have to be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the members of both Houses of Parliament within a month. The 44th Amendment provides safeguards against future subversion of the Constitution for establishing an authoritarian regime. It contains provisions which are designed to make it impossible to impose the kind of emergency the country had experienced for 19 months.
The Constitution (45th Amendment) Act, 1980: The Act extends reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in Parliament and the State Assemblies and the representation of Anglo-Indians by nomination for a further period of 10 years.
The Constitution (46th Amendment) Bill, 1982: It seeks to authorise the government to prepare an authoritative text of the Constitution, in Hindi.
The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985: The Act has made defection to another party, after elections illegal. Any member defecting to another party after elections will be disqualified from being member of Parliament or State Legislature.
The Constitution (53rd Amendment) Act, 1986: It confers Statehood on Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary interference by the Central Government with the laws relating to spheres of social relationship and community conduct applicable to Mizoram.
The Constitution (54th Amendment) Act, 1986: It enhances the salaries of Judges of High Courts and Supreme Court of India. The salary of Chief Justice of India will be Rs 10,000; Chief Justice of High Courts Rs 9000; Judges of Supreme Court Rs 9000; and Judges of High Courts Rs 8000.
The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1987: It grants Statehood to Arunachal Pradesh which consequently became the 24th State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987: It confers Statehood on Goa and forms a new Union Territory of Daman and Diu. Goa thus became the 25th State of the Indian Republic.
The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987: It made a special provision for the setting up of the new State of Goa. Consequently Daman and Diu were separated from the former to form a Union Territory.
The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act, 1988: It provides for special arrangements with regard to reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya. By amending Article 322 the adjustment of seats has been frozen until 2000 A.D.
The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988: It empowered the Central Government to impose Emergency in Punjab when deemed necessary. Under the amendment, President’s rule can be extended upto three years. Earlier maximum period was two years.
The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989: It provided for the extension by another 10 years of reservation of seats in the Parliament and State Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and reservation for Anglo Indian community by nomination.
The Constitution (63rd Amendment) Act, 1989: It repealed Amendment 59 which empowered the government to impose emergency in Punjab.
The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990: It extended the President’s rule in Punjab by six months.
The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990: To bring land reforms within the purview of 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991: Delhi made National Capital Region. The Act also made provision for Legislative assembly and a council of ministers for Delhi.
The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992: Before this act was made Article 54 relating to the election of the President provided for an electoral college consisting only of the elected members of Parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of the States (not of Union Territories). The amendment provide for inclusion of members of legislature of Pondicherry and Delhi.
The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992: The act amends the 8th Schedule to the Constitution to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali Languages in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992: To make temporary provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the State assembly of Tripura, until the re-adjustment of seats is made on the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under article 170 of the Constitution.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure direct election to all seats in Panchayats; to reserve seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population; and for reservation of not less than one third of the seats in Panchayats for women.
The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made to ensure direct election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and Municipalities.
The Constitution (75th Amendment) Act 1994: It provides for setting up of State-level Rent Tribunals to exclude the jurisdiction of all courts, except that of the Supreme Court, under Article 136 of the Constitution.
The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994: It relates to the Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and of appointments or posts in the Services under a State, for Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Supreme Court had ruled on November 16, 1992, that the total reservations under Article 16(40) of the Constitution should not exceed 50 per cent.
The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995: According to this Act, the Government have decided to continue the existing policy of reservation in promotion for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (78th Amendment) Act, 1995: It includes land reform laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they cannot be challenged before the courts.
The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999: It extends the reservation of seats for SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies for next 10 years.
The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000: It deals with an alternative scheme for sharing taxes between the Union and the States.
The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that the unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST kept for being filled up in a year as per Article 16, shall be considered separately for filling vacancies in the succeeding year and the previous list will not be considered for filling the 50% quota of the respective year.
The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that nothing in the Article 355 shall prevent the State from making any provisions in favour of the members of SC/ST for relaxation in qualifying marks with respect to examination/job/promotion.
The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000: The Act amended Article 243 M to provide that no reservation in Panchayats be made in favour of SC/ST in Arunachal Pradesh where the whole population is tribal.
Constitution Knowledge and list of schedules to constitution
Important points of Indian constitution
It is the largest written legal document in the world.
It took 2 years, 11 months and 17 days to complete the text of constitution.
Initially it contained 395 articles and 8 Schedules.
Sachchidanand Sinha was the first chairman of the constituent Assembly ( it consisted of elected member of legislative assembly).
Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected as the permanent chairman of constituent assembly.
Dr B.R.Ambedkar was the chairman of the drafting committee and was assisted by B.N.Rau who created the draft of constitution of India.
The draft of the constitution was approved on 26th November 1949 and hence it is observed asLaw day.
National Anthem was adopted on 24th January 1950 whereas National Flag was adopted on July 22nd 1947,
India has a Quasi Federal structure.
In India there are three levels of government one at center, one at state and one at Local. In case of emergency the central government gains control over the nation.
Preamble
India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic.
Sovereign means India is an independent country.
Socialist Pattern is an economic pattern where both public and private sector work together under Government’s control.
Secularism means no fixed religion and respect for all religion.
Democratic means that the government which is of the people by the people and for the people.
Republic means people select the head of government directly or indirectly.
Preamble embodies the noble concept of :
Justice in social, economic and political aspects.
Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
Equality of status and opportunity
Fraternity assuring dignity, unity and integrity to all the citizens of the nation.
Note: the concept of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity is adopted from French revolution.
Constitution is amended once during 42nd amendment where the words Socialist and Secular were added.
Note: the above mentioned points can be asked in CLAT and there are instances where it has been asked. Please check the paper of CLAT 2012 and get the idea about how questions can be formed from the above points. The thread also contains a file which is attached to it and the files contains information about all the 12 Schedules of the Indian Constitution.
Constitution of India – Articles Chart
12-25-2012
In this section of India Facts we discuss about Constitution of India – Articles. You get all the articles i.e. Part I to Part XXII, in details. In these Part I to Part XXII you will learn about 395 articles. Article 123 explains about the legislative powers of the President and article 213 is for the legislative powers of the Governor. Article 300A is important for everyone because it explains about Right to Property. Check out yourself all the articls under different chapters and Parts.
Part I – consists of Articles 1 – 4 on the Union and its Territory
Part II – consists of Articles 5 – 11 on Citizenship.
Part III – consists of Articles 12 – 35 on Fundamental Rights.
- Articles 14 – 18 on Right to Equality,
- Articles 19 – 22 on Right to Freedom,
- Articles 23 – 24 on Right against Exploitation,
- Articles 25 – 28 on Right to Freedom of Religion,
- Articles 29 – 31 on Cultural and Educational Rights,
- Articles 32 – 35 on Right to Constitutional Remedies.
Part IV – consists of Articles 36 – 51 on Directive Principles of State Policy.
Part IV (A) consists of Article 51A – Fundamental Duties of each citizen of India.
Part V – consists of Articles on the Union.
Chapter I – Articles 52 to 78 on The Executive.
- Articles 52 – 73 on the President and Vice-President,
- Articles 74 – 75 on Council of Ministers,
- Articles 76 – Attorney General of India,
- Articles 77 – 78 on the Conduct of Government Business
Chapter II – Articles 79 – 122 on Parliament.
- Articles 79 – 88 on Constitution of Parliament,
- Articles 89 – 98 on Officers of Parliament,
- Articles 99 – 100 on Conduct of Business,
- Articles 101 – 104 on Disqualification of members,
- Articles 105 – 106 on Powers, privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members,
- Articles 107 – 111 on Legislative Procedure,
- Articles 112 – 117 on Procedure in Financial Matters,
- Articles 118 – 122 on Procedure Generally.
Chapter III – Article 123 on the Legislative Powers of the President.
- Article 123 on Power of president to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament
Chapter IV – Articles 124 – 147 on The Union Judiciary.
- Articles 124 – 147 Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court
Chapter V – Articles 148 – 151 on the Controller and Auditor-General of India.
- Articles 148 – 151 on Duties and powers of Comptroller and Auditor-General.
Part VI – Articles on the States.
Chapter I – Article 152 on the General definition of a State of the Union of India
- Article 152 – Exclusion of the state of Jammu and Kashmir from the general definition of a state of the Union of India.
Chapter II – Articles 153 – 167 on The Executive
- Articles 153 – 162 on The Governor,
- Articles 163 – 164 on The Council of Ministers,
- Article 165 on the Advocate-General for the State.
- Articles 166 – 167 on the Conduct of Government Business.
Chapter III – Articles 168 – 212 on The State Legislature.
- Articles 168 – 177 General
- Articles 178 – 187 on the Officers of the State Legislature,
- Articles 188 – 189 on Conduct of Business,
- Articles 190 – 193 on Disqualification of members,
- Articles 194 – 195 on Powers, Privileges and Immunities Parliament and its Members,
- Articles 196 – 201 on Legislative Procedure,
- Articles 202 – 207 on Procedure in Financial Matters,
- Articles 208 – 212 on Procedure Generally.
Chapter IV – Article 213 on the Legislative Powers of the Governor
- Article 213 – Power of president to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament
Chapter V – Articles 214 – 231 on The High Courts in the States.
- Articles 214 – 231 on High Courts in the States,
Chapter VI – Articles 233 – 237 on the Subordinate Courts
- Articles 232 – 237 on Subordinate Courts
Part VII – consists of Articles on States in the B part of the First schedule.
- Article 238 Repealed, Replaced by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
Part VIII – consists of Articles on The Union Territories
- Articles 239 – 242 Administration, creation of Council of Ministers and High Courts
Part IX – consists of Articles on the Panchayat system.
- Articles 243 – 243O on the Gram Sabha and Panchayat system
Part IXA – consists of Articles on Municipalities.
- Articles 243P – 243ZG on Municipalities
Part X – consists of Articles on the scheduled and Tribal Areas
- Articles 244 – 244A on Administration, creation of Council of Ministers, and legislatures.
Part XI – consists of Articles on Relations between the Union and the States.
Chapter I – Articles 245 – 255 on the Distribution of Legislative Powers
- Articles 245 – 255 on Distribution of Legislative Relations
Chapter II – Articles 256 – 263 on Administrative Relations
- Articles 256 – 261 – General
- Article 262 – on Disputes relating to waters.
- Article 263 – on Co-ordination between States
Part XII – consists of Articles on Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Chapter I – Articles 264 – 291 on Finance
- Articles 264 – 267 General
- Articles 268 – 281 on Distribution Revenues between the Union and the States
- Articles 282 – 291 on Miscellaneous Financial Provisions
Chapter II – Articles 292 – 293 on Borrowing
- Articles 292 – 293 on Borrowing by States
Chapter III – Articles 294 – 300 on Property, Contracts, Right, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits
- Articles 294 – 300 on Succession to property assets, liabilities, and obligations.
Chapter IV – Article 300A on the Right to Property
- Article 300A – on Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law
Part XIII – consists of Articles on Trade and Commerce within the territory of India
- Articles 301 – 305 on Freedom of Trade and Commerce, and the power of Parliament and States to impose restrictions on the same
- Article 306 – Repealed – Replaced by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
- Article 307 – Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.
Part XIV – consists of Articles on Services Under the Union and the States
Chapter I – Articles 308 – 314 on Services
- Articles 308 – 313 on Services
- Article 314 – Repealed – Replaced by the Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972, s. 3 (w.e.f. 29-8-1972).
Chapter II – Articles 315 – 323 on the Public Service Commissions
- Articles 315 – 323 on Public Service Commissions
Part XIVA – consists of Articles on Tribunals
- Articles 323 A – 323 B
Part XV – consists of Articles on Elections
- Articles 324 – 329 on Elections
- Article 329A – Repealed – Replaced by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 36 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
Part XVI – consists of Articles on Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes.
- Articles 330 – 342 on Reservations
Part XVII – consists of Articles on Official Language
Chapter I – Articles 343 – 344 on Language of the Union
- Articles 343 – 344 Official Language of the Union
Chapter II – Articles 345 – 347 on Regional Languages
- Articles 345 – 347 on Language of the State
Chapter III – Articles 348 – 349 on Language of the Supreme Court, High courts, Etc
- Articles 348 – 349 on Language used in Supreme Court, High courts Etc
Chapter IV – Articles 350 – 351 on Special Directives
- Article 350 – on Language to be used in representations forredress of grievances.
- Article 350A – on Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
- Article 350B – on provision for Special Officer for linguistic minorities.
- Article 351 – on Directive for development of the Hindi language.
Part XVIII – consists of Articles on Emergency Provisions
- Articles 352 – 359 on Emergency Provisions
- Article 359A – Repealed – Replaced by the Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989, s. 3 (w.e.f. 6-1-1990)
- Article 360 – on Provisions as to financial emergency.
Part XIX – Miscellaneous
- Articles 361 – 361A – Miscellaneous
- Article 362 – Repealed – Replaced by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2.
- Articles 363 – 367 – Miscellaneous .
Part XX – consists of Articles on Amendment of the Constitution
- · Articles 368 on the Power of parliament to amend the constitution and procedure therefor
Part XXI – consists of Articles on Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
- Articles 369 – 378A on Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
- Article 379 – 391 – Repealed – Replaced by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956,s. 29 and Sch.
- Article 392 – on the Power of the President to remove difficulties.
Part XXII consists of Articles on short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals.
- Articles 393 – 395 Commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repeals
Index-wise access to Constitution of India
PARTS
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TRADE,COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA |
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SHORT TITLE,COMMENCEMENT,AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS |
Amendments to the Indian Constitution
Here is a list of all amendments to the Indian Constitution.
Amendments are very frequently asked in Civil Services Exam by UPSC and other exams
|
|
Date of Enforcement |
Objectives |
|
1st amendment |
June 18, 1951 |
To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws. |
|
2nd amendment |
May 1, 1953 |
A technical amendment to fix the size of each parliamentary constituency between 650,000 and 850,000 voters. |
|
3rd amendment |
February 22, 1955 |
Limits maximum no of seats in lokSabha up to 500 |
|
4th amendment |
April 27, 1955 |
Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9 of the constitution |
|
5th amendment |
December 24, 1955 |
Provides for a consultation mechanism with concerned states in matters relating to the amendments to the territorial matters and in the re-naming of the state |
|
6th amendment |
September 11, 1956 |
Amended the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes |
|
7th amendment |
November 1, 1956 |
Reorganization of states on linguistic lines |
|
8th amendment |
January 5, 1960 |
Clarify state’s power of compulsory acquisition and requisitioning of private property |
|
9th amendment |
December 28, 1960 |
Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc. |
|
10th amendment |
August 11, 1961 |
Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory after acquisition from Portugal |
|
11th amendment |
December 19, 1961 |
Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament. |
|
12th amendment |
December 20, 1961 |
Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, after acquisition from Portugal |
|
13th amendment |
December 1, 1963 |
Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under Article 371A |
|
14th amendment |
December 28, 1962 |
Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India |
|
15th amendment |
October 5, 1963 |
Raise retirement age of judges from 60 to 62 |
|
16th amendment |
October 5, 1963 |
Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligatory templates |
|
17th amendment |
June 20, 1964 |
To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution |
|
18th amendment |
August 27, 1966 |
Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories |
|
19th amendment |
December 11, 1966 |
Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts |
|
20th amendment |
December 22, 1966 |
Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges. |
|
21th amendment |
April 10, 1967 |
Included Sindhi as a National Language |
|
22nd amendment |
September 25, 1969 |
Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam |
|
23rd amendment |
January 23, 1970 |
Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1980 |
|
24th amendment |
November 5, 1971 |
Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the constitution |
|
25th amendment |
April 20, 1972 |
Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property |
|
26th amendment |
December 28, 1971 |
Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic |
|
27th amendment |
February 15, 1972 |
Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers |
|
28th amendment |
August 29, 1972 |
Rationalized Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post independence |
|
29th amendment |
June 9, 1972 |
Places land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution |
|
30th amendment |
February 27, 1973 |
Changes the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law |
|
31th amendment |
October 17, 1973 |
Increased size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. |
|
32nd amendment |
July 1, 1974 |
Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh |
|
33rd amendment |
May 19, 1974 |
Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures |
|
34th amendment |
September 7, 1974 |
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution |
|
35th amendment |
March 1, 1975 |
Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India |
|
36th amendment |
April 26, 1975 |
Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union |
|
37th amendment |
May 3, 1975 |
Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly |
|
38th amendment |
August 1, 1975 |
Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances |
|
39th amendment |
August 10, 1975 |
Negated the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s election to parliament. |
|
40th amendment |
May 27, 1976 |
Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India. |
|
41th amendment |
September 7, 1976 |
Raised Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Union and State Public Commissions from sixty to sixty two. |
|
42nd amendment |
April 1, 1977 |
Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. |
|
43rd amendment |
April 13, 1978 |
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. |
|
44th amendment |
September 6, 1979 |
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. |
|
45th amendment |
January 25, 1980 |
Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990 |
|
46th amendment |
February 2, 1983 |
Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax |
|
47th amendment |
August 26, 1984 |
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution |
|
48th amendment |
April 1, 1985 |
Article 356 amended to permit President’s rule up to two years in the state of Punjab |
|
49th amendment |
September 11, 1984 |
Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |
|
50th amendment |
September 11, 1984 |
Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure |
|
51th amendment |
June 16, 1986 |
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies |
|
52nd amendment |
March 1, 1985 |
Anti Defection Law – Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other |
|
53rd amendment |
February 20, 1987 |
Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram. |
|
54th amendment |
April 1, 1986 |
Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges |
|
55th amendment |
February 20, 1987 |
Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh |
|
56th amendment |
May 30, 1987 |
Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa |
|
57th amendment |
September 21, 1987 |
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies |
|
58th amendment |
December 9, 1987 |
Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution |
|
59th amendment |
March 30, 1988 |
Article 356 amended to permit President’s rule up to three years in the state of Punjab |
|
60th amendment |
December 20, 1988 |
Professional Tax increased from a maximum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/- |
|
61th amendment |
March 28, 1989 |
Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18 |
|
62nd amendment |
December 20, 1989 |
Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000 |
|
63rd amendment |
January 6, 1990 |
Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed |
|
64th amendment |
April 16, 1990 |
Article 356 amended to permit President’s rule up to three years and six months in the state of Punjab |
|
65th amendment |
March 12, 1992 |
National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution. |
|
66th amendment |
June 7, 1990 |
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution |
|
67th amendment |
October 4, 1990 |
Article 356 amended to permit President’s rule up to four years in the state of Punjab |
|
68th amendment |
March 12, 1991 |
Article 356 amended to permit President’s rule up to five years in the state of Punjab |
|
69th amendment |
February 1, 1992 |
To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory |
|
70th amendment |
December 21, 1991 |
Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election |
|
71th amendment |
August 31, 1992 |
Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as National Languages |
|
72nd amendment |
December 5, 1992 |
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly |
|
73rd amendment |
April 24, 1993 |
Statutory provisions for Panchayat Raj as third level of administration in villages |
|
74th amendment |
June 1, 1993 |
Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities |
|
75th amendment |
May 15, 1994 |
Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals |
|
76th amendment |
August 31, 1994 |
Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution |
|
77th amendment |
June 17, 1995 |
A technical amendment to protect reservation to SC/ST Employees in promotions |
|
78th amendment |
August 30, 1995 |
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution |
|
79th amendment |
January 25, 2000 |
Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010 |
|
80th amendment |
June 9, 2000 |
Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and The Centre |
|
81th amendment |
June 9, 2000 |
Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog of vacancies |
|
82nd amendment |
September 8, 2000 |
Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SC / ST candidates |
|
83rd amendment |
September 8, 2000 |
Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions |
|
84th amendment |
February 21, 2002 |
Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for state wise distribution of parliamentary seats |
|
85th amendment |
January 4, 2002 |
A technical amendment to protect seniority in case of promotions of SC/ST Employees |
|
86th amendment |
December 12, 2002 |
Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until the age of six |
|
87th amendment |
June 22, 2003 |
Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for state wise distribution of parliamentary seats |
|
88th amendment |
January 15, 2004 |
To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of Service Tax |
|
89th amendment |
September 28, 2003 |
The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes |
|
90th amendment |
September 28, 2003 |
Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area |
|
91th amendment |
January 1, 2004 |
Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15 % of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws |
|
92nd amendment |
January 7, 2004 |
Enable Levy of Service Tax |
|
93rd amendment |
January 20, 2006 |
To enable provision of reservation for other backward classes (O.B.C.) in government as well as private educational institutions |
|
94th amendment |
June 12, 2006 |
To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States |
|
95th amendment |
25 January 2010 |
Extended the reservation of seats in LokSabha and State Assemblies for SC and ST from sixty to seventy years |
|
96th amendment |
23 September 2011 |
Substituted “Odia” for “Oriya” |
|
97th amendment |
12 January 2012 |
Added the words “or co-operative societies” in Article 19(l)(c) and inserted article 43B i.e, Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e, THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES |
Thanks n Regards
Jeevanandam K
hrjeeva 